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“Who gets to look nice and who gets to play? Effects of child gender on household expenditures”
We examine the relationship between a child’s gender and family expenditure using data from the Polish Household Budget Survey. Having a first-born daughter as compared with a first-born son increases the level of household expenditures on child and adult female clothing, and it reduces spending on games, toys and hobbies. This could be a reflection of a pure gender bias on behalf of the parents or a reflection of gender complementarities between parents’ and children’s expenditures. We find no robust evidence on gender differences in educational investment, measured by kindergarten expenditure. The analysed expenditure patterns suggest a so-far unexamined role of gender in child development. Parents in Poland seem to pay more attention to how girls look and favour boys with respect to activities and play, which could have consequences in adult life and contribute to sustaining gender inequalities and stereotypes.
Pakiet podatkowo-świadczeniowych rozwiązań rządu Zjednoczonej Prawicy
Jeśli zgodnie z planem rządu od lipca 2019 r. w życie wejdzie upowszechnienie świadczenia wychowawczego 500+, to reformy podatkowo-świadczeniowe skierowane do rodzin z dziećmi wprowadzone w obecnej kadencji Sejmu zwiększą zakres finansowego wsparcia rodzin o 39,6 mld zł rocznie. Wsparcie rodzin z dziećmi to najistotniejszy element pakietu rozwiązań podatkowoświadczeniowych analizowanego w najnowszym Raporcie Centrum Analiz Ekonomicznych CenEA, z którego wynika, że po uwzględnieniu wszystkich długoterminowych rozwiązań przyjętych podczas VIII kadencji Sejmu gospodarstwa domowe zyskują 32,7 mld zł rocznie.
Pełna wersja Raportu „Pakiet podatkowo-świadczeniowych rozwiązań rządu Zjednoczonej Prawicy” wraz z Załącznikiem.
Szczegóły analiz można znaleźć również w Informacji prasowej Finansowe wsparcie rodzin z dziećmi wyższe o 40 mld zł rocznie po VIII kadencji Sejmu.
Kontakt dla mediów:
Fundacja CenEA
dr hab. Michał Myck
mmyck@cenea.org.pl tel. +48 91 831 40 29
Pakiet podatkowo-świadczeniowych rozwiązań rządu Zjednoczonej Prawicy
Ponad trzy lata rządów koalicji Zjednoczonej Prawicy przyniosły jedne z najbardziej zauważalnych zmian w strukturze systemu podatkowo-świadczeniowego w Polsce po roku 1989. Wprowadzone reformy, na czele z programem Rodzina 500+, stanowią w dużym stopniu odzwierciedlenie zmian zapowiadanych w programie wyborczym Prawa i Sprawiedliwości w wyborach parlamentarnych w 2015 r. i ogłoszonych w exposé premier Beaty Szydło 18 listopada 2015 r. Równocześnie jednak decyzje podejmowane przez rząd z jednej strony poszerzone zostały o elementy niezapowiedziane w trakcie kampanii wyborczej z 2015 roku, a z drugiej strony, część deklaracji wyborczych z tej kampanii najprawdopodobniej nie zostanie już zrealizowana do czasu kolejnych wyborów. Do najważniejszych rozwiązań w tej pierwszej grupie należy zarówno zaakceptowane 4 kwietnia 2019 r. przez Sejm jednorazowe świadczenie dla emerytów i rencistów w 2019 roku (tzw. trzynasta emerytura), jak i propozycja upowszechnienia świadczenia wychowawczego 500+ na pierwsze dziecko w rodzinie bez względu na dochód od lipca 2019 r.
Policy in the Pipeline: Identifying Regional Public Investment Priorities Using a Natural Experiment
We identify regional public investment priorities by studying the development of the water pipe system in the largest district in Poland. For this purpose, we take advantage of a major administrative reform, implemented on 1 January 1999, which substantially changed the structure of Polish local government and reduced the number of top-tier administrative regions from 49 to 16. We treat the reform as a natural experiment, and apply the difference-in-differences approach to study developments along the boundary of the new Mazovian voivodeship. We find strong and positive implications for the development of the water pipe system in municipalities within the Mazovian voivodeship compared with those just outside its boundaries. The overall post-reform difference in the length of the total water pipe network is 25% and the difference in the per-capita length of the network is 30%. Local public investment priorities at the voivodeship level, potentially related to effective use of EU funds, are the most likely determinants of these differences.
Implications of Social and Material Deprivation for Changes in Health of Older People
Objective: We use the panel structure of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data for 14 countries to examine the implications of material and social deprivation for health deterioration in old age and mortality. Method: To minimize the potential endogeneity bias, we examine the relationship between deprivation and changes in health rather than levels of health. We include a substantial set of fixed “initial conditions,” and extend the controls with health measures, as observed at the initial period. Results: The results of the probit regression suggest a strong and statistically significant relationship between measures of material and social deprivation and changes in physical and mental health. Mortality is only affected by the social dimension of deprivation. Discussion: Treating material and social deprivation separately rather than as a single social exclusion indicator allows for more specific identification of the role of the two dimensions, which might be important for policy decisions.
„Reference: Myck M, Najsztub M, Oczkowska M. (2020) Implications of Social and Material Deprivation for Changes in Health of Older People. J Aging Health 32(5-6):371‐383. doi:10.1177/0898264319826417„
Implications of the Polish 1999 administrative reform for regional socio-economic development
On 1 January 1999, four major reforms took effect in Poland in the areas of health, education, pensions and local administration. After 20 years, only in the last case does the original structural design remain essentially unchanged. In this paper, we examine the implications of this reform from the perspective of the distance of municipalities from their regional administrative capital. We show that despite fears of negative consequences for peripheral regions, the reform did not result in slower socio-economic development for those municipalities that found themselves further from the new administrative centres. We use a number of socio-economic indicators at municipal level and apply differences-in-differences methods comparing the outcomes before and after the reform between the municipalities for which the distance increased and those for which it did not. Municipalities are matched on pre-reform indicators using entropy balancing. Apart from small effects on net migration, we do not identify any significant negative effects of the 1999 administrative reform for the peripheral municipalities. In fact, results are positive in the case of municipal revenues and, while they are not precisely estimated in our preferred specification, they remain statistically significant in a number of robustness checks.
Paid Work after Retirement – Does Quality of Your Main Job in the Past Matter?
In this brief, we summarize the results of a recent analysis focused on identifying the key determinants of engagement in paid work after retirement based on life histories data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We find a strong link between the probability of work after retirement and indicators of quality of work prior to labor market exit, such as high physical and psychosocial demands, lack of control or receiving adequate social support. These results suggest a potentially important role of job-quality regulations. We find no significant association with past experience of adequate rewards with respect to efforts in the main job, which suggests that involvement in paid work after retirement may to a lesser extent be driven by financial concerns. This might mean that policy initiatives targeted at higher level of labor market activity among retirees should stress non-material aspects of employment in later life.
Relacje międzypokoleniowe w kontekście opieki sprawowanej nad wnukami przez dziadków na podstawie wyników badania „SHARE: 50+ w Europie”
Wraz z wydłużającą się średnią długością życia, osoby starsze stanowią coraz większą część populacji Polski. Według danych Eurostatu w ciągu ostatnich dwudziestu pięciu lat odsetek osób po pięćdziesiątym roku życia w polskiej populacji wzrósł z 25,1% do 36,6%. Jednocześnie Eurostat prognozuje, że w ciągu następnych dwudziestu pięciu lat osoby 50+ będą stanowić już połowę polskiego społeczeństwa. Obecnie na jedną osobę w wieku powyżej 65 lat przypadają cztery osoby w wieku produkcyjnym pomiędzy 18 a 64 rokiem życia, co w ciągu kolejnego ćwierćwiecza spadnie do 2,4 osoby w wieku produkcyjnym na jedną osobę 65+. W podobnym tempie starzeje się niemal cała Europa. Jednak wraz z zachodzącymi zmianami demograficznymi i społecznymi nie maleje znaczenie relacji rodzinnych, a w ramach nich rola dziadków aktywnie udzielających pomocy swoim dzieciom w postaci sprawowania opieki nad wnukami.
Shocked by therapy? Unemployment in the first years of the socio-economic transition in Poland and its long-term consequences
We examine long-term implications of unemployment for material conditions and wellbeing using the Polish sample from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Retrospective data from the SHARELIFE survey conducted in 2008/09 is used to reconstruct labour market experiences across the threshold of the socio-economic transformation from a centrally planned to a free market economy in Poland in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These individual experiences are matched with outcomes observed in the survey about twenty years later to examine their correlation with unemployment at the time of the transition. We find that becoming unemployed in the early 1990s correlates significantly with income, assets and a number of measures of wellbeing recorded in 2007 and 2012. Given the nature of labour market changes at the time of the transition, and an extensive set of controls we use in the estimation, we argue that the results can be given a causal interpretation. Losing a job between 1989-91 results in a reduction of total household income two decades later by over 30%, increases the probability of poor material conditions by 14 percentage points and has significant negative effects on overall life satisfaction and other measures of wellbeing.
Socio-Economic Policy in Poland: A Year of Major Changes in Benefits, Taxes, and Pensions
2016 was the first full calendar year of the new Polish government elected to power in October 2015. The year marked a number of major changes legislated in the area of socio-economic policy some of which have already been implemented and others that will take effect in 2017. In this policy brief, we analyse the distributional consequences of changes in the direct tax and benefit system, and discuss the long-term implications of these policies in combination with the policy to reduce the statutory retirement age.